In Gabon, the concept of citizenship has taken a contentious turn. Effective from February 26, 2026, a new nationality code has been implemented, replacing a law from 1999. This new code has sparked controversy, particularly due to a provision that allows the revocation of citizenship from any citizen whose actions are deemed “subversive and destabilizing “against state institutions. The code was adopted through an executive order by President of the Transition, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, bypassing parliamentary sessions.
The authorities argue that the reform aims to modernize an outdated legal framework. However, many legal experts and civil society actors are concerned about the implications for fundamental freedoms. The new code introduces a classification of citizens based on their origin, distinguishing between Gabonese by origin, adoption, and affiliation. This categorization, not present in the previous law, raises concerns about potential societal fragmentation.
Furthermore, the period required for acquiring citizenship through marriage has been extended from three to six years of uninterrupted cohabitation. This change is justified to combat arranged marriages, but critics argue that it effectively excludes individuals who have genuinely built their lives in the country.
The most contentious article is 64, which stipulates that the Gabonese nationality can be revoked from any citizen found guilty of “subversive and destabilizing “activities against state institutions. Individuals subject to an order from authorities have three months to comply. Failure to do so may result in the imposition of the penalty.
Legal expert Ali Akbar Onanga Yobegue believes a national debate was necessary before adopting a text that affects the “foundational pact of the nation.”Social media has been abuzz with concerns that this provision could be used to silence critical voices in a context where online speech is increasingly monitored. The debate centers on who decides what is considered “subversive “and on what criteria.
The adoption method of the text has also added fuel to the controversy. Adopted by executive order outside of regular parliamentary sessions, some civil society actors view this as a decision imposed without consultation on a subject that touches the very identity of citizens.
Defenders of human rights argue that nationality is a fundamental right that cannot be treated as revocable without strong procedural guarantees and effective appeals for those affected. The legal community is now awaiting to see how this text will be applied in practice.
Gabon has been under a military transition since August 2023, following the overthrow of President Ali Bongo Ondimba. The Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions, led by Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, has initiated several reforms under the new constitution adopted by referendum in November 2024. This new nationality code is part of this institutional overhaul but arrives in a context where public expectations were initially focused on national reconciliation and economic stability.
The government has not yet publicly responded to the criticisms. The debate, however, continues.
Source: Au Gabon, la nationalité peut désormais être retirée aux citoyens jugés «subversifs»
